Нормативы
Очень важно видеть различия между фильтрами.
Есть несколько способов улучшить эффективность работы фильтра. А чтобы определить фактическую производительность фильтра необходимо сравнить его показатели с установленными стандартными значениями.
Во время процедуры сравнения рассматривается множество явных и скрытых факторов. Многие фильтры остаются в системе вентиляции в течение нескольких месяцев или даже лет. Однако для проведения контроля фильтра требуется всего нескольких минут или, максимум, часов.
В течение срока эксплуатации фильтра, скорость потока воздуха подлежащего очистке и нагрузка от улавливаемых частиц, такие условия окружающей среды, как влажность и температура, могут изменяться до бесконечности. Тем не менее, тесты-сравнения проводятся в контрольных условиях окружающей среды.
Перед тем как остановить свой выбор на каком-либо изделии по его показателям и начать использовать его, все же необходимо обратить внимание на результаты тестирования.
Ниже приведены рекомендуемые нормативы.
Provides a classification of the systems, the definition of minimum requirements and the values of the reference quantities during operation. It is applied to aeraulic systems designed for people’s comfort and installed in closed buildings, except for:
The standard is currently under revision and as for the classification of the indoor and outdoor air quality, the concepts of the EN 13779 standard have been implemented and the classification is essentially the same:
Category | Description |
---|---|
ODA1 | Pure outdoor air that may temporarily contain dust (e.g. pollen) |
ODA2 | Outdoor air with a high concentration of particulate substances |
ODA3 | Outdoor air with a high concentration of gaseous pollutants |
ODA4 | Outdoor air with a high concentration of solid particles and gaseous pollutants |
ODA5 | Outdoor air with a very high concentration of solid particles and gaseous pollutants |
Category | Description |
---|---|
IDA 1 | High |
IDA 2 | Average |
IDA 3 | Moderate |
IDA 4 | Low |
Recommended filters in accordance with UNI 10339:
Unlike the current UNI 10339 standard, its updated version identifies the minimum filtering class not just based on the building’s intended use, but also in relation to the desired quality level for indoor air and the available outdoor air quality.
Moreover, if there are known specific pollutants, a reduction system associated with the additional ventilation circuit must include at least a filter with a certified effectiveness on such pollutants.
The UNI 10339 standard provides information also about when the filter must be changed:
“the replacement of mechanical particulate filters usually depends on clogging, which is indicated by the final pressure drops. However, for the purposes of hygiene pre-filters and filters must be inspected periodically in accordance with current laws and the instructions of the manufacturer. They must be replaced when biological contamination appears, even if the pressured drops are still considered acceptable”.
Building category | ODA level | Indoor air quality | Minimum number of filtering stages | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IDA1 | IDA2 | IDA3 | |||
BUILDINGS USED FOR RESIDENTIAL PURPOSES AND SIMILAR | 1 2 3 |
F6 F7 F8* |
F5 F6 F6* |
G4 F5 F5* |
2-1 2 2* |
HOTELS | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
BUILDINGS FOR OFFICES AND SIMILAR | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
HOSPITALS, CLINICS AND SIMILAR | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
STERILE ROOMS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES UNITS, MATERNITY, ANAESTHESIA, X-RAY AND PREMATURE BABIES UNITS, OPERATING THEATRES AND SIMILAR | 1 2 3 |
H14 H14 H14* |
H13 H13 H13* |
H12 H12 H12* |
3 3 3* |
BUILDINGS USED BY ASSOCIATIONS AND FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
ROOMS USED FOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS AND SIMILAR | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
SPORTS FACILITIES AND SIMILAR | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
BUILDINGS FOR SCHOOL-RELATED ACTIVITIES | 1 2 3 |
F7 F8 F8* |
F6 F7 F7* |
F5 F6 F6* |
2 2 2* |
* Add a filter for gaseous pollutants |
The standard is applied to high and very high efficiency air filters with ultra-low penetration (EPA, HEPA and ULPA) used in the field of ventilation and air-conditioning, as well as in technological processes such as clean-room technology or the pharmaceutical industry. It establishes a procedure to determine efficiency based on a method that counts particles with a test liquid aerosol (or alternatively a solid one) and can classify these filters in a normalised way depending on their efficiency.
The following table shows the various classes for high efficiency filters in accordance with EN 1822:
Filter class | Integral Value | Local value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Efficiency % | Penetration % | Efficiency % | Penetration % | |
E10 | ≥ 85 | ≤ 15 | — | — |
E11 | ≥ 95 | ≤ 5 | — | — |
E12 | ≥ 99,5 | ≤ 0,5 | — | — |
H13 | ≥ 99,95 | ≤ 0,05 | ≥ 99,75 | ≤ 0,25 |
H14 | ≥ 99,995 | ≤ 0,005 | ≥ 99,975 | ≤ 0,025 |
U15 | ≥ 99,9995 | ≤ 0,0005 | ≥ 99,9975 | ≤ 0,0025 |
U16 | ≥ 99,99995 | ≤ 0,00005 | ≥ 99,99975 | ≤ 0,00025 |
U17 | ≥ 99,999995 | ≤ 0,000005 | ≥ 99,9999 | ≤ 0,0001 |
The EN 1822 standard defines methods to:
A) assess the efficiency of the filtering medium. By using a particle contactor, the number and size of the particles trapped by the filter can be determined. After processing this data, the size of the particle, for which the efficiency of the medium is minimal, can be determined. This size is known as MPPS, which stands for “most penetrating particle size”.
B) check for leaks from the filtering element. This test is conducted with a probe that produces aerosol and can be moved along the whole surface of the filter in order to collect a series of data on the local efficiency, which will be then used to determine the overall efficiency. This also allows the leak rate on a specific area of the filter to be determined. The calculation of the overall efficiency is often defined as an integral value, while the leak rate is defined as a local value.
C) determination of the integral efficiency of the filtering element. First, one measures the pressure drop of the filter at an air volumetric flow rate corresponding to the rated flow rate. Then, with an aerosol generator the filter’s efficiency on the MPPS particles is determined. Based on this efficiency value, the class is determined in accordance with the table reported above.
Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness.
The ISO 14644-1 standard covers the classification of air cleanliness in clean rooms and associated controlled environments. Classification in accordance with this standard is carried out exclusively based on concentration of suspended particles. Furthermore, the particles considered for the purposes of classification based on this standard are those with sizes ranging from 0.1 micron to 5 micron.
Air cleanliness class number | Maximum concentration of particles per m³ of air with the same size or larger than the ones reported in the table | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 um | 0.2 um | 0.3 um | 0.5 um | 1 um | 5 um | |
ISO 1 | 10 | 2 | ||||
ISO 2 | 100 | 24 | 10 | 4 | ||
ISO 3 | 1000 | 237 | 102 | 35 | 8 | |
ISO 4 | 10000 | 2370 | 1020 | 352 | 83 | |
ISO 5 | 100000 | 23700 | 10200 | 3520 | 832 | 29 |
ISO 6 | 1000000 | 237000 | 102000 | 35200 | 8320 | 293 |
ISO 7 | 352000 | 83200 | 2930 | |||
ISO 8 | 3520000 | 832000 | 29300 | |||
ISO 9 | 35200000 | 8320000 | 293000 |
Design, installation, start-up, qualification, management and maintenance
The standard provides directions for the design, installation, start-up, performance control, acceptance, management of systems and components that contribute to controlling contamination in the facilities and maintaining pre-set temperature and humidity conditions in units specifically intended to carry out surgery, called surgery units.
The standard is applied to new systems and refurbishments concerning buildings and/or systems in surgery units and provides the minimum requirements to verify the conditions of use of existing ones.
Below are the values recommended by UNI 11425 for environmental parameters and some quantities associated with them.
To reach the designed air purity class in the various rooms, the standard also identifies the minimum efficiency level for the air filters:
Rooms | Temperature [°C] | U.R. [%] | Overpressure compared to outdoors [Pa] | Outdoor air [vol/h] | Recirculation air [-] | Cleanliness classes in accordance with UNI EN ISO 14644-1 | Final filtering levele | Sound pressure level [dBA] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Summer | Winter | Summer | |||||||
Operating theatres with very high air quality | ≥22 | ≤24 | ≥40 | ≤60 | 15 (1) | 15 | SI (2) | ISO5 | H14 | 45 (3) |
Operating theatres with high air quality | 15 (1) | 15 | SI (2) | ISO7 | H14 | 45 (3) | ||||
Operating theatres with standard air quality | 15 (1) | 15 | — (4) | ISO8 | H14 | 45 (3) | ||||
Sterile deposits | ≥22 | ≤26 | ≥40 | ≤60 | 15 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | H14 | 45 |
Preparation of patients undergoing surgery | 10 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥H12 | — | ||||
Staff preparation | 10 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥H12 | — | ||||
Waking up patients who have undergone surgery | 10 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥H12 | — | ||||
Clean / sterile corridor | 10 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥H12 | — | ||||
Spaces for filters used for patients undergoing surgery | 5 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥F9 | — | ||||
Spaces for filters used for staff | 5 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥F9 | — | ||||
Sub-sterilization | 10 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥H12 | — | ||||
Clean deposits | ≥18 | ≤26 | ≥40 | ≤60 | 10 | ≥2 (5) | — (4) | — | ≥H12 | — |
Dirty deposits | 5 | ≥2 (5) | NO | — | ≥HF9 | — | ||||
(1) The pressure in operating theatres used for infected patient is lower compared to adjacent rooms (2) Please refer to the examples in annex D (3) In the event of renovation works where it is necessary to create class IOS5 operating theatres using room recirculation systems, the max noise level that can be reached is 48 dB(A9) and the project must contain the reason for the decision (4) Depending on how clean the air needs to be, as well as the monitoring (5) Minimum value if there are no other values that, set in relation to the specific crowding needs, sources of pollutants and based on a risk analysis Values required by current laws (Decree of the President of the Republic dated 14/1/1997) |
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created a new global standard, ISO16890, which defines the classification and testing procedures for air filters employed in general ventilation systems. In particular, ISO16890 refers to the air filtering element taking into account particles with a size comprised between 0,3 μm e 10 μm (see table).
The new standard, which will enter into force in August 2018, replaced the current European Standard EN 779 and the ASHRAE52.2, employed in the USA, with the aim of creating a unique global standard divided into 4 classes, based on the filter performance in connection with three different particle fractions, with a more targeted percentage that indicates the filter efficiency.
The main differences between Standard ISO16890 and current ones are the tests, which will become more stringent, with a consequent IAQ increase, and the fact that the finer dust classified – PM1 – is also the most dangerous for human health. High-efficiency filters will help improving the quality of the air we breathe.
Classification
Group | Class | Reference Value | Final ΔP (Pa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ePM1 min | ePM2,5 min | ePM10 | |||
0,3 ≤ x ≤ 1 | 0,3 ≤ x ≤ 2,5 | 0,3 ≤ x ≤ 10 | |||
ISO Coarse | — | — | < 50% | Initial gravimetric arrestance | 200 |
ISO ePM10 | — | — | ≥ 50% | ePM10 | 300 |
ISO ePM2,5 | — | ≥ 50% | — | ePM2,5 | 300 |
ISO ePM1 | ≥ 50% | — | — | ePM1 | 300 |
Comparison EN779 – ISO16890
EN779:2012 | ISO16890 |
---|---|
Compressed air capacity between 0,24 m3/s (850 m3/h) and 1,5 m3/s (5400 m3/h) | Compressed air capacity between 0,25 m3/s (900 m3/h) and 1,5 m3/s (5400 m3/h) |
F9, F8, F7, M6, M5, G4, G3, G2, G1 | ePM1, ePM2,5, ePM10, ISO Coarse are the maximum particle concentrations |
Dp = 0,4 μm | 0,3 μm ≤ Dp ≤ 10 μm |
The minimum efficiency (ME) defines the filtering classes between F7-F9 | The average efficiency (EA) is the average between the initial efficiency (Ei) and the discharged efficiency (Ed) |
Ed from average samples (F7-F9) on liquid isopropanol | Ed from complete filter with isopropanol vapours |
The dust built-up is calculated up to a final pressure of 450 Pa | PM10 < 50% — Δpfinal = 200 Pa PM10 ≥ 50% — Δpfinal = 300 Pa |
Dust: ASHRAE | Dust: ISO A2/Fine AC |
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